De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Direction of monetary-base expansion decisions relative to trend. Separate from fiscal.transfer_expansion even when correlated.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Venezuela's crude oil production collapsed from approximately 2.5 million b/d in 2013 to under 500,000 b/d by 2020 as PDVSA underinvested in upstream maintenance, lost technical staff, was used as an off-budget treasury, and was hit by US oil-sector sanctions from 2017. Joint-venture partners exited and infrastructure decay compounded under chronic FX shortages. The collapse reflected combined effects of politicisation, sanctions, and chronic capex starvation.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.