Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Direct central-bank financing of the Venezuelan fiscal deficit accelerated during 2013-2019 as oil revenues collapsed and external bond markets closed. The BCV provided escalating ad-hoc credit to PDVSA and the Treasury, expanded base money several-thousand-fold, and ceased publishing monetary statistics in 2014. The mechanism produced one of the largest peacetime hyperinflations in modern history, with monthly rates exceeding 100 percent in 2018.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.