Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Taxation of capital income (dividends, capital gains, inheritance, wealth). Distinct from corporate rate.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Spain's temporary windfall taxes on banks and energy companies, enacted by Law 38/2022 of the Sanchez PSOE-Sumar government for tax years 2022-2023, levied a 4.8% surcharge on banks' net interest and fee income (above EUR 800 million annual income) and a 1.2% levy on energy companies' Spain-source net turnover (above EUR 1 billion). The intended effect was to capture extraordinary profits earned during the 2022 inflation and rate-rise shock, fund the cost-of-living anti-crisis package, and signal progressive distribution of the inflation tax burden in line with EU-wide windfall-tax policy.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.