Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Portugal's industrial nationalisations of 1975, enacted by a series of decree-laws across the electricity (Decree-Law 205-G/75), oil refining, steel, cement, brewing, tobacco, transport, and telecommunications sectors, transferred dominant private firms — including the holdings of the CUF, Champalimaud, and Espirito Santo groups — to state ownership. Public enterprises were placed under sectoral coordinating ministries. The intended effect was to break concentrated private industrial power, channel basic-industry surpluses to state planning, and entrench the revolutionary settlement that the 1976 Constitution would later codify as "irreversible".
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.