Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Decree 53/2013/ND-CP established the Vietnam Asset Management Company (VAMC) under the State Bank of Vietnam as a centralised vehicle to take over non-performing loans from commercial banks in exchange for 5-year special bonds, cleaning reported balance sheets following the Dũng-era credit boom and Vinashin/Vinalines distress. NPLs disclosed by the SBV fell on paper from a 2012 peak near 8-17% (methodology disputed) toward ~2.5% by 2017; in practice the problem was parked rather than resolved until the 2017 Resolution 42 gave VAMC stronger collateral-seizure powers. Part of the broader SOE restructuring programme that formed the macro cleanup bridge between the Dũng and Trọng eras.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.