General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
The Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme announced 20 March 2020 paid 80% of furloughed workers' wages up to £2,500/month, extended through September 2021. Peak take-up 8.9 million jobs (May 2020); total cost ~£70 billion. Accompanied by Self-Employment Income Support Scheme (£28bn), Bounce Back Loans (£47bn) and CBILS (£26bn). Pushed public-sector borrowing to ~15% of GDP in 2020-21 — peacetime record — and public debt above 100% of GDP for the first time since 1961. Wide cross-party support at the time; subsequent Public Accounts Committee findings on fraud and error in BBLS.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.