Immigration policy openness — work visas, family reunification, asylum processing, border enforcement posture.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
The Zapatero government's 2005 normalización de extranjeros, implemented through Real Decreto 2393/2004 and a three-month application window in early 2005, regularised the legal status of approximately 570,000 undocumented migrants who could prove an existing employment contract and minimum residency. It was the largest single regularisation in EU history and triggered formal labour-market integration.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.