Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Sectoral levy on bank liabilities (0.4% initially, raised to 0.8% 2020) applied to total non-deposit liabilities. Raised ~EUR 160-250m per annum. Originally framed as crisis-resolution-fund contribution but revenue channelled to general budget. Abolished 2020 under pandemic.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.