General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
5% Value-Added Tax introduced January 2018 under the GCC VAT framework — Saudi Arabia's first broad-based consumption tax. Tripled to 15% in July 2020 as part of post-COVID fiscal consolidation alongside suspension of the cost-of-living allowance for public-sector workers. Added ~5% of GDP in non-oil revenue capacity; part of the structural diversification away from oil receipts under Vision 2030.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.