Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Means-tested income-support scheme introduced by Decreto-legge 4/2019 (converted into Law 26/2019) under Conte I. Structure: base transfer up to €500/month for a single adult plus housing supplement up to €280/month, scaled by household equivalised size, conditional on Italian/EU residence threshold (10 years), ISEE threshold €9,360, and willingness to accept suitable job offers through centri per l'impiego or sign a Patto per l'Inclusione Sociale. Peak coverage ~1.3 million households (~3 million individuals) by 2022. Critiques targeted: low activation rate, navigator-programme underperformance, residence-rule ECJ challenge, and payment leakage. Replaced from 1 January 2024 by Assegno di Inclusione (narrower, family-dependant gated) and Supporto per la Formazione e il Lavoro under Meloni.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.