Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Direction of monetary-base expansion decisions relative to trend. Separate from fiscal.transfer_expansion even when correlated.
Independence of the judiciary from executive and legislative encroachment. Specifically captures court-packing, selective prosecution, judicial reshuffles.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1966–1998 | Indonesia Suharto New Order indonesia_suharto_new_order_1965_1998 |
| 1976–1985 | Suharto New Order oil-boom + Pertamina crisis + Pancasila economy (Indonesia) indonesia_suharto_oil_boom_1976_1985 |
| 1988–1996 | Suharto deregulation paket era — pre-crisis liberalisation (Indonesia) indonesia_suharto_deregulation_paket_1988_1996 |
| 1998–1999 | B. J. Habibie transitional presidency — reformasi opening and East Timor referendum (1998-1999) indonesia_habibie_transition_1998_1999 |
| 1998 | Indonesia Reformasi indonesia_reformasi_1998_present |
| 1999–2001 | Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) — PKB-led reformasi presidency (1999-2001) indonesia_wahid_reformasi_1999_2001 |
| 2001–2004 | Megawati Sukarnoputri — PDI-P-led secular-nationalist stabilisation (2001-2004) indonesia_megawati_pdip_2001_2004 |
| 2004–2014 | Indonesia SBY Demokrat era indonesia_sby_demokrat_2004_2014 |
| 2014–2024 | Indonesia Jokowi PDI-P era indonesia_jokowi_pdip_2014_2024 |
| 2024 | Indonesia Prabowo Gerindra-led coalition indonesia_prabowo_2024_present |