Suharto deregulation paket era — pre-crisis liberalisation (Indonesia)

Doctrine — stated goals and content

Technocrat-led deregulation paket era under Suharto — sequence of reform 'packages' aimed at post-oil-bust export diversification. Economic school: Berkeley Mafia technocrats (Widjojo, Radius, Sumarlin) pragmatic market-liberalism within New Order developmental authoritarianism; Habibie high-tech statist faction rivalry building from late 1980s. Dated policies: Pakto October 1988 banking deregulation — permissive licensing drove bank count from 111 to 240 by 1996; Pakdes December 1987 stock-market/capital-market opening; November 1988 Paknov trade deregulation (tariff cuts, NTB conversions); 1994 FDI deregulation allowing 100% foreign ownership; Uruguay Round signing Apr 1994; AFTA CEPT commitments from 1992; Timor Timur incorporation continued issues; 1996 PDI office attack 27 Jul 1996 ('Kudatuli'). Left-right: centre-right authoritarian developmentalism with market-liberal veneer; crony-capitalism undercurrent (Bimantara, Humpuss, Bob Hasan conglomerates). Popularity: Golkar election shares 68.1% (1987), 68.1% (1992), 74.5% (1997) — controlled electoral system under Pancasila/massa- mengambang; Suharto approval proxy via regime stability ≈ absolute until 1997-98 collapse. Coherence: moderate — technocrat reform track genuinely market-opening (Pakto/Paknov architecture still cited as gold standard for Indonesia reform) but paralleled by licence-raj crony capitalism in strategic sectors; financial-sector deregulation without prudential regulation a direct contributor to 1997-98 crisis.