Chile

Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).

• ↑expanded sectoral subsidies
• ↓reduced sectoral subsidies

General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.

• ↑higher spending share
• ↓lower spending share

Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.

• ↑higher corporate tax burden
• ↓lower corporate tax burden

Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).

• ↑more progressive (higher top rates, wider spread, larger targeted credits)
• ↓less progressive (flatter rates, compression, smaller credits)

Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.

• ↑larger transfer footprint
• ↓smaller transfer footprint

Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.

• ↑more stringent environmental rules
• ↓less stringent environmental rules

Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.

• ↑tighter financial regulation
• ↓looser financial regulation

Immigration policy openness — work visas, family reunification, asylum processing, border enforcement posture.

• ↑more open (easier legal immigration, broader asylum)
• ↓more restrictive (lower caps, tighter enforcement)

Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.

• ↑more flexible (easier hiring/firing, less rigid bargaining)
• ↓less flexible (stronger employment protection)

Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.

• ↑more competition-friendly (lower entry barriers)
• ↓more restrictive regulation, higher entry barriers

Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).

• ↑tighter sectoral licensing / more state gating
• ↓looser licensing, more open entry

Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.

• ↑more open trade
• ↓more protectionist

De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.

• ↑greater independence (legal, operational, personnel)
• ↓lower independence (fiscal dominance, politicised appointments)

Independence of the judiciary from executive and legislative encroachment. Specifically captures court-packing, selective prosecution, judicial reshuffles.

• ↑stronger judicial independence
• ↓weaker judicial independence

Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.

• ↑stronger property rights
• ↓weaker property rights

Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.

• ↑stronger rule of law
• ↓weaker rule of law