General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
V Plan (CORDIPLAN) financed SIDOR steel expansion to 4.8 Mt/year, VENALUM / ALCASA aluminium smelters (Ciudad Guayana), petrochemical complexes at Morón and El Tablazo, Guri hydroelectric Stage II (10 GW design), and transport-infrastructure expansion. Public investment peaked ~16% of GDP. External debt rose from USD 1.2bn (1973) to USD 16bn (1978).
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.