General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
The Biden administration pursued multiple federal student-loan relief actions, beginning with a 2022 HEROES Act-based blanket cancellation that the Supreme Court struck down in Biden v. Nebraska (2023), followed by targeted forgiveness through the SAVE income-driven repayment plan, Public Service Loan Forgiveness fixes, and borrower-defense discharges. Repayment pauses initially imposed during COVID were extended into 2023, with successive narrower relief tranches estimated to discharge over $150 billion in federal student debt.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.