Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
The National Insurance Act created contributory national insurance against sickness and certain forms of unemployment for large sections of the British workforce, financed by worker, employer, and state contributions. It combined cash benefits, panel-doctor coverage, and a national administrative apparatus for social insurance. The act did not create a universal welfare state, but it established the core principle that labour-market insecurity should be pooled through a national scheme rather than left to charity, mutualism, or post hoc poor relief.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.