Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
Saudi Aramco listed approximately 1.5% of its shares on the Tadawul exchange in December 2019, the largest IPO in history at the time, with proceeds channelled to the Public Investment Fund (PIF) as a Vision 2030 diversification anchor. The float was preceded by tax-regime changes (royalty-and-tax conversion to a hybrid concession) and corporate-governance reforms aligning Aramco with listed-company disclosure standards.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.