General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
Law no. 487 of 4 June 1911, commonly known as the Daneo-Credaro law, transferred much elementary-school responsibility away from weak municipalities toward provincial and central structures, increased state financing, and expanded the administrative machinery of public primary education. In liberal Italy's uneven territorial setting, the measure was a state-capacity reform as much as an education reform: it aimed to reduce local inequality in schooling provision and to make elementary education a more uniform national responsibility.
Per invariant 3, reforms are scored by what they did on each channel-separated axis, not by the party that enacted them. This fingerprint is how the policy-match engine finds historical analogues.
Explicit links are curated by the author. Inferred links are hypotheses in the library that test the same axes this policy moved — the framework's answer to "what does the data say about a policy like this?".
Ranked by axis-fingerprint overlap with this policy. Direction match bolded — those are the closest historical analogues. Shape of the match is what drives policy-outcome comparison, not the country or party label.