Taiwan

Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).

• ↑expanded sectoral subsidies
• ↓reduced sectoral subsidies

General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.

• ↑higher spending share
• ↓lower spending share

Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.

• ↑more open trade
• ↓more protectionist

Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.

• ↑stronger property rights
• ↓weaker property rights

Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.

• ↑stronger rule of law
• ↓weaker rule of law