Singapore

General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.

• ↑higher spending share
• ↓lower spending share

Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.

• ↑larger transfer footprint
• ↓smaller transfer footprint

Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.

• ↑more competition-friendly (lower entry barriers)
• ↓more restrictive regulation, higher entry barriers

Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.

• ↑stronger property rights
• ↓weaker property rights