Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Independence of the judiciary from executive and legislative encroachment. Specifically captures court-packing, selective prosecution, judicial reshuffles.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1975–1982 | King Khalid era — oil-boom state-building and post-Grand-Mosque consolidation saudi_khalid_1975_1982 |
| 1982–1995 | King Fahd early era — oil-glut adjustment, riyal peg, Gulf War financing saudi_fahd_early_era_1982_1995 |
| 1990–1995 | Fahd Gulf-War fiscal recycling and 1994 budget reform saudi_fahd_gulf_war_recycling_1990_1995 |
| 1995–2005 | Abdullah de-facto regency as Crown Prince — cautious liberalisation, post-9/11 recalibration, WTO accession saudi_abdullah_de_facto_crown_prince_1995_2005 |
| 2005–2015 | King Abdullah late era saudi_abdullah_late_era_2005_2015 |
| 2015–2017 | Salman accession and MBS rise 2015-2017 saudi_salman_transition_2015_2017 |
| 2016 | Saudi Vision 2030 diversification programme saudi_vision_2030_2016_present |
| 2017 | MBS Crown Prince era (de-facto rule) saudi_mbs_cp_era_2017_present |