Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Direction of monetary-base expansion decisions relative to trend. Separate from fiscal.transfer_expansion even when correlated.
Independence of the judiciary from executive and legislative encroachment. Specifically captures court-packing, selective prosecution, judicial reshuffles.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1991–1996 | Yeltsin first term — chaotic shock therapy and loans-for-shares 1991-1996 russia_yeltsin_first_term_1991_1996 |
| 1996–1999 | Yeltsin second term GKO default and oligarch era 1996-1999 russia_yeltsin_second_term_1996_1999 |
| 2000–2004 | Putin first term vertical-of-power and 13% flat tax 2000-2004 russia_putin_first_term_2000_2004 |
| 2004–2008 | Putin second term state capitalism consolidation 2004-2008 russia_putin_second_term_2004_2008 |
| 2008–2012 | Medvedev presidency tandem with Putin-PM 2008-2012 russia_medvedev_presidency_2008_2012 |
| 2012–2018 | Putin third term Crimea annexation and oil-revenue consolidation 2012-2018 russia_putin_third_term_2012_2018 |
| 2018–2024 | Putin fourth term full-scale Ukraine invasion and war economy 2018-2024 russia_putin_fourth_term_2018_2024 |
| 2024 | Putin fifth term entrenched war economy 2024-present russia_putin_fifth_term_2024_present |