Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Independence of the judiciary from executive and legislative encroachment. Specifically captures court-packing, selective prosecution, judicial reshuffles.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1978–2002 | Moi KANU era — Nyayoism, one-party state, IMF-SAP, belated liberalisation kenya_moi_kanu_1978_2002 |
| 2002–2007 | Kibaki NARC first term — growth takeoff, Anglo-Leasing scandal, 2005 referendum NO, 2007 post-election violence kenya_kibaki_narc_first_2002_2007 |
| 2002–2013 | Kibaki-era economic recovery and Vision 2030 (Kenya) kenya_kibaki_vision_2030_2002_2013 |
| 2008–2013 | Kibaki-Odinga grand-coalition government (Kenya) kenya_kibaki_grand_coalition_2008_2013 |
| 2013–2022 | Kenyatta Jubilee developmentalist era (Kenya) kenya_kenyatta_jubilee_2013_2022 |
| 2022 | Ruto UDA 'hustler-nation' government (Kenya) kenya_ruto_uda_2022_present |