Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Direction of monetary-base expansion decisions relative to trend. Separate from fiscal.transfer_expansion even when correlated.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1974–1991 | Derg socialist regime (Ethiopia) ethiopia_derg_1974_1991 |
| 1991–2018 | EPRDF developmental state (Ethiopia, Meles-Hailemariam) ethiopia_eprdf_developmental_state_1991_2018 |
| 2005–2012 | Meles Zenawi late era (Ethiopia, post-2005 crackdown through GERD launch) ethiopia_meles_late_era_2005_2012 |
| 2012–2018 | Hailemariam EPRDF continuity (Ethiopia, post-Meles caretaker) ethiopia_hailemariam_eprdf_2012_2018 |
| 2018 | Abiy Ahmed Prosperity Party reform-and-war era (Ethiopia) ethiopia_abiy_prosperity_2018_present |