General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
Direction of monetary-base expansion decisions relative to trend. Separate from fiscal.transfer_expansion even when correlated.
Independence of the judiciary from executive and legislative encroachment. Specifically captures court-packing, selective prosecution, judicial reshuffles.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1976–1981 | Sadat Infitah — Open Door opening, Camp David, bread riots, assassination egypt_sadat_infitah_1976_1981 |
| 1981–1991 | Mubarak early era — post-assassination consolidation, 1986-88 IMF, Gulf-War debt relief egypt_mubarak_early_era_1981_1991 |
| 1991–2011 | Egypt Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment (late Mubarak) egypt_mubarak_neoliberal_late_era_1991_2011 |
| 2011–2012 | SCAF military-transitional government (Egypt) egypt_scaf_transition_2011_2012 |
| 2012–2013 | Morsi / Muslim Brotherhood Freedom and Justice Party presidency egypt_morsi_muslim_brotherhood_2012_2013 |
| 2016 | Egypt IMF-anchored adjustment and military state capitalism (Sisi era) egypt_sisi_austerity_2016_present |
| 2018–2024 | Sisi second term — constitutional amendment, New Administrative Capital, Hayah Karima egypt_sisi_second_term_2018_2024 |
| 2024 | Sisi third term — Ras El-Hekma shock, second EGP float, IMF expansion egypt_sisi_third_term_2024_present |