Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1993–1997 | Klaus ODS first government — Czech transition exemplar and 1997 crisis 1993-1997 czech_republic_klaus_ods_first_1993_1997 |
| 1998–2002 | Zeman CSSD opposition-agreement minority 1998-2002 czech_republic_zeman_cssd_1998_2002 |
| 2002–2006 | Spidla / Gross / Paroubek CSSD-KDU-US coalition 2002-2006 czech_republic_cssd_coalition_2002_2006 |
| 2006–2009 | Topolanek ODS-KDU-Greens centre-right flat-tax 2006-2009 czech_republic_topolanek_ods_2006_2009 |
| 2009–2010 | Fischer technocratic caretaker 2009-2010 czech_republic_fischer_caretaker_2009_2010 |
| 2010–2013 | Necas ODS-TOP09-VV austerity coalition 2010-2013 czech_republic_necas_ods_2010_2013 |
| 2014–2017 | Sobotka CSSD-ANO-KDU-CSL coalition 2014-2017 czech_republic_sobotka_cssd_2014_2017 |
| 2017–2021 | Babis ANO-CSSD minority with KSCM tolerance 2017-2021 czech_republic_babis_ano_first_2017_2021 |
| 2021–2025 | Fiala SPOLU + Pirates/STAN coalition 2021-2025 czech_republic_fiala_spolu_2021_2025 |
| 2025 | Babiš ANO second government 2025-present czech_republic_babis_ano_second_2025_present |