Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1969–1987 | Husák 'normalizace' KSČ — post-Prague-Spring orthodox planning czechoslovakia_husak_normalisation_1969_1987 |
| 1989–1992 | Čalfa Government of National Understanding and Klaus Federal Finance — Czechoslovak transition 1989-1992 czechoslovakia_calfa_civic_forum_1989_1992 |