Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
Progressivity of the personal income tax schedule, including top marginal rates, bracket spread, and targeted credits (EITC-equivalents).
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Environmental regulation stringency — emissions caps, standards, phase-out mandates, carbon pricing, renewable portfolio standards.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Immigration policy openness — work visas, family reunification, asylum processing, border enforcement posture.
Ease of hiring/firing, collective-bargaining scope, minimum wage rigidity, temporary/permanent contract regulation.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
Rule of law as institutional substrate — contract enforcement, judicial independence, equal treatment before the law. Upstream of most other axes.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1975–1983 | Fraser Liberal-National government — Whitlam dismissal successor, Campbell inquiry, stagflation australia_fraser_liberal_1975_1983 |
| 1991–1996 | Keating ALP — Working Nation, Mabo, superannuation, 'recession we had to have' australia_keating_alp_1991_1996 |
| 1996–2007 | Howard Liberal-National Coalition — GST 2000, gun control, middle-class welfare, WorkChoices, Tampa australia_howard_coalition_1996_2007 |
| 2007–2010 | Rudd ALP government (Australia) australia_rudd_alp_2007_2010 |
| 2010–2013 | Gillard ALP minority government (Australia) australia_gillard_alp_2010_2013 |
| 2013–2015 | Abbott Coalition government (Australia) australia_abbott_lnp_2013_2015 |
| 2015–2018 | Turnbull Liberal-National Coalition — small-l liberal reformer constrained 2015-2018 australia_turnbull_coalition_2015_2018 |
| 2018–2022 | Morrison Liberal-National Coalition — pro-business plus COVID fiscal 2018-2022 australia_morrison_coalition_2018_2022 |
| 2022 | Albanese Labor — cautious-progressive restoration 2022-present australia_albanese_alp_2022_present |