Targeted industrial and sectoral subsidies (renewable energy, chip manufacturing, agriculture, green hydrogen, etc).
General government spending as share of GDP, excluding transfers already captured under fiscal.transfer_expansion to avoid double-counting.
Statutory and effective corporate tax rates, treatment of depreciation, and international competitiveness.
Size of cash and near-cash transfer programmes (unemployment benefits, means-tested assistance, universal child benefits). Architecturally distinct from forced-saving schemes — see condition welfare_architecture.
Financial-sector regulation — banking separation, capital requirements, cross-border activity rules, derivatives oversight.
Immigration policy openness — work visas, family reunification, asylum processing, border enforcement posture.
Product-market regulation, entry barriers, licensing burdens, network-industry regulation, price controls.
Sector-specific licensing regimes, concentration / quota allocation, state-controlled entry (energy, telecoms, healthcare, banking).
Trade policy openness — tariffs, non-tariff barriers, FTAs, industrial protection.
De jure and de facto independence of the central bank from fiscal authority. Per D.1.5 scope, one of the framework's defensible monetary positions.
Independence of the judiciary from executive and legislative encroachment. Specifically captures court-packing, selective prosecution, judicial reshuffles.
Security of private property rights — formal recognition, expropriation risk, titling systems.
| Year | Movement |
|---|---|
| 1971 | UAE federal state capitalism and free-zone diversification uae_emirate_state_capitalism_1971_present |
| 1976–1990 | Zayed federation-consolidation — oil-boom federal state-capitalism uae_zayed_consolidation_1976_1990 |
| 1985–1995 | Zayed oil-glut response — Abu Dhabi transfers, Dubai trade pivot uae_zayed_oil_price_collapse_response_1985_1995 |
| 1995–2004 | Zayed late era — Jebel Ali scale-up, Emirates expansion, DIFC launch, post-9/11 reputation management uae_zayed_late_era_1995_2004 |
| 2004–2014 | Khalifa early era: Dubai debt crisis, Abu Dhabi bailout, state-capitalism expansion uae_khalifa_early_era_2004_2014 |
| 2008–2010 | UAE GFC response and Dubai debt bailout (Khalifa era) uae_khalifa_global_financial_crisis_2008_2010 |
| 2014–2022 | MBZ de-facto rule: Abraham Accords, Expo 2020, Covid and Yemen uae_mbz_crown_prince_era_2014_2022 |
| 2022 | MBZ formal federal presidency: AI-emirate pivot and fiscal broadening uae_mbz_presidency_2022_present |